Kakaretso
Libetri tsa lithium-ion (LIBs) li nkoa e le e 'ngoe ea mekhoa ea bohlokoahali ea ho boloka matla.Ha matla a matla a betri a ntse a eketseha, polokeho ea betri e ba ea bohlokoa le ho feta haeba matla a lokolloa e sa rera.Likotsi tse amanang le mello le ho phatloha ha LIBs li etsahala hangata lefatšeng ka bophara.Tse ling li bakile lits'oso tse tebileng bophelong ba batho le bophelo bo botle 'me li entse hore baetsi ba lihlahisoa ba hopole lintho tse ngata.Liketsahalo tsena ke likhopotso tsa hore polokeho ke ntho e hlokahalang bakeng sa libeteri, 'me litaba tse tebileng li lokela ho rarolloa pele ho ts'ebeliso ea nako e tlang ea lisebelisoa tsa betri tse nang le matla a phahameng.Tlhahlobo ena e ikemiselitse ho akaretsa lintlha tsa motheo tsa litaba tsa polokeho ea LIB le ho totobatsa tsoelo-pele ea morao-rao ea moralo oa thepa ho ntlafatsa polokeho ea LIB.Re lebelletse hore Tlhahlobo ena e tla khothaletsa ntlafatso e 'ngoe ea polokeho ea betri, haholo bakeng sa li-LIB tse ntseng li hlaha tse nang le matla a phahameng a matla.
MOTHO OA LIB TŠEBELETSO TSA LIB
Mokelikeli oa organic electrolyte ka har'a LIBs o ka cha.E 'ngoe ea liphoso tse mpe ka ho fetesisa tsa sistimi ea LIB ke ketsahalo e phoroselang ea ho baleha ha mocheso, e nkoang e le sesosa se ka sehloohong sa mathata a polokeho ea betri.Ka kakaretso, ho baleha ha mocheso ho etsahala ha karabelo ea exothermic e tsoa taolong.Ha mocheso oa betri o nyolohela ka holimo ho ~ 80 ° C, tekanyo ea lik'hemik'hale tse sa tloaelehang ka har'a libeteri lia eketseha 'me li futhumatsa sele ka ho eketsehileng, e leng se hlahisang potoloho e ntle ea maikutlo.Lithempereichara tse ntseng li tsoela pele ho nyoloha li ka baka mollo le ho phatloha, haholo-holo bakeng sa libetri tse kholo.Ka hona, ho utloisisa lisosa le lits'ebetso tsa ho baleha ha mocheso ho ka tataisa moralo oa lisebelisoa tse sebetsang ho ntlafatsa polokeho le ts'epo ea li-LIB.Ts'ebetso ea ho baleha ha mocheso e ka aroloa ka mekhahlelo e meraro, joalo ka ha e akaretsoa kaSetšoantšo sa 1.
Setšoantšo sa 1 Mehato e meraro ea ts'ebetso ea ho baleha ha mocheso.
Mothati oa 1: Ho qala ha mocheso o feteletseng.Libetri li fetoha ho tloha boemong bo tloaelehileng ho ea boemong bo sa tloaelehang, 'me mocheso oa ka hare o qala ho eketseha.Mothati oa 2: Ho bokella mocheso le mokhoa oa ho ntša khase.Thempereichara ea ka hare e nyoloha ka potlako, 'me betri e ba le liphetoho tse sa tloaelehang.Mothati oa 3: Ho tuka le ho phatloha.Li-electrolyte tse tukang lia chesa, tse lebisang mollong esita le ho phatloha.
Ho qala ha mocheso o feteletseng (mothati oa 1)
Mocheso oa ho baleha o qala ho tloha mocheso o feteletseng oa sistimi ea betri.Ho chesa ha pele ho ka etsahala ka lebaka la hore betri e qosoa ka nģ'ane ho motlakase o entsoeng (ho feta tekano), ho pepesehela mocheso o feteletseng, lipotoloho tse khutšoanyane tsa ka ntle ka lebaka la li-wiring tse fosahetseng, kapa li-circuits tse khutšoanyane tsa ka hare ka lebaka la bokooa ba lisele.Har'a tsona, khaello ea ka hare ke lebaka le ka sehloohong la ho baleha ha mocheso 'me ho batla ho le thata ho laola.Khaello ea ka hare e ka etsahala maemong a ho sithabela ha sele joalo ka ho kenella ha matlakala a tšepe kantle;ho thula koloi;sebopeho sa lithium dendrite tlas'a tefiso e phahameng ea hona joale, tlas'a maemo a holimo kapa ka mocheso o tlaase;le likarohano tse fosahetseng tse entsoeng nakong ea kopano ea betri, ho bolela tse 'maloa.Mohlala, mathoasong a Mphalane 2013, koloi ea Tesla haufi le Seattle e ile ea otla maloanlahla a tšepe a ileng a phunya thebe le pakete ea betri.Lithako li ile tsa kenella ka har'a li-separators tsa polymer 'me tsa kopanya ka ho toba cathode le anode, tsa etsa hore betri e fokotsehe le ho tšoara mollo;ka 2016, mello ea betri ea Samsung Note 7 e ne e bakoa ke karohano e mabifi ea ultrathin e ileng ea senyeha habonolo ke khatello ea ka ntle kapa li-burrs tsa welding holim'a electrode e ntle, e leng se ileng sa etsa hore betri e tsamaee nako e khutšoanyane.
Mothating oa 1, ts'ebetso ea betri e fetoha ho tloha ho e tloaelehileng ho ea ho e sa tloaelehang, 'me lintlha tsohle tse thathamisitsoeng ka holimo li tla etsa hore betri e futhumale ho feta tekano.Ha mocheso o ka hare o qala ho eketseha, mohato oa 1 oa fela 'me mohato oa 2 oa qala.
Ho bokella mocheso le mokhoa oa ho lokolla khase (mohato oa 2)
Ha mohato oa 2 o qala, mocheso o ka hare o nyoloha ka potlako, 'me betri e ba le mekhoa e latelang (lits'ebetso tsena ha li etsahale ka tatellano e fanoeng, tse ling tsa tsona li ka etsahala ka nako e le' ngoe):
(1) Ho senyeha ho tiileng ha electrolyte interphase (SEI) ka lebaka la ho futhumala ho feteletseng kapa ho kenella ha 'mele.Lera la SEI haholo-holo le na le lintho tse tsitsitseng (tse kang LiF le Li2CO3) le metastable [e kang li-polymers, ROCO2Li, (CH2OCO2Li) 2, le ROLi] likarolo.Leha ho le joalo, likaroloana tse nang le metastable li ka bola ka mokhoa o feteletseng hoo e ka bang> 90 ° C, tsa ntša likhase tse tukang le oksijene.Nka (CH2OCO2Li)2 e le mohlala
(CH2OCO2Li)2→Li2CO3+C2H4+CO2+0.5O2
(2) Ka ho bola ha SEI, mocheso o ntse o eketseha, 'me tšepe ea lithium kapa lithium e kenang ka har'a anode e tla itšoara ka metsoako ea lintho tse phelang ka har'a electrolyte, e lokolla likhase tse tukang tsa hydrocarbon (ethane, methane, le tse ling).Ena ke karabelo e makatsang e phahamisang mocheso le ho feta.
(3) NengT> ~ 130 ° C, karohano ea polyethylene (PE) / polypropylene (PP) e qala ho qhibiliha, e leng se ntseng se mpefatsa boemo le ho etsa hore ho be le potoloho e khutšoanyane pakeng tsa cathode le anode.
(4) Qetellong, mocheso o baka ho senyeha ha thepa ea lithium metal oxide cathode 'me e fella ka ho lokolloa ha oksijene.Nka LiCoO2 e le mohlala, e ka bola ho qala ho ~180°C ka tsela e latelang
Ho senyeha ha cathode ho boetse ho matla haholo, ho eketsa mocheso le khatello, ka lebaka leo, ho potlakisa liketso.
Nakong ea 2, mocheso oa eketseha 'me oksijene e bokellana ka har'a libeteri.Ts'ebetso ea ho baleha ha mocheso e tsoela pele ho tloha sethaleng sa 2 ho ea sethaleng sa 3 hang ha oksijene e lekaneng le mocheso li bokellane bakeng sa ho tuka ha betri.
Ho tuka le ho phatloha (mohato oa 3)
Mothating oa 3, ho chesa ho qala.Li-electrolyte tsa LIBs ke lintho tse phelang, tse batlang li kopanya bokahohleng tsa cyclic le linear alkyl carbonates.Li na le botsitso bo phahameng 'me ka tlhaho li cheseha haholo.Ka mohlala, ho nka carbonate electrolyte e sebelisoang ka tloaelo [motsoako oa ethylene carbonate (EC) + dimethyl carbonate (DMC) (1: 1 ka boima)] e le mohlala, e bonts'a khatello ea mouoane ea 4.8 kPa mocheso oa kamore le sebaka se tlaase haholo. ea 25 ° ± 1 ° C ka khatello ea moea ea 1.013 bar.Oksijene e lokollotsoeng le mocheso sethaleng sa 2 li fana ka maemo a hlokahalang bakeng sa ho tuka ha li-electrolyte tsa tlhaho tse tukang, ka hona ho baka likotsi tsa mollo kapa ho phatloha.
Mehatong ea 2 le ea 3, litlamorao tsa exothermic li etsahala tlasa maemo a haufi le adiabatic.Kahoo, accelerated rate calorimetry (ARC) ke mokhoa o sebelisoang haholo o etsisang tikoloho ka hare ho LIBs, e thusang kutloisiso ea rona ea thermal runway reaction kinetics.Setšoantšo sa 2e bonts'a sekhahla se tloaelehileng sa ARC sa LIB se tlalehiloeng nakong ea liteko tsa tšebeliso e mpe ea mocheso.Ho etsisa mocheso o eketseha sethaleng sa 2, mohloli o ka ntle oa mocheso o eketsa mocheso oa betri ho mocheso o qalang.Ka holim'a mocheso ona, SEI ea bola, e leng se tla tsosa karabelo e kholo ea lik'hemik'hale.Qetellong, karohano e tla qhibiliha.Sekhahla sa ho futhumatsa se tla eketseha ka mor'a moo, se lebisang ho baleheng ha mocheso (ha tekanyo ea ho futhumatsa e le> 10 ° C / min) le ho tuka ha electrolyte (mohato oa 3).
Anode ke mesocarbon microbead graphite.Cathode ke LiNi0.8Co0.05Al0.05O2.Electrolyte ke 1.2 M LiPF6 ho EC/PC/DMC.Ho ile ha sebelisoa Celgard 2325 trilayer separator.E hlophisitsoe ka tumello ho tsoa ho Electrochemical Society Inc.
Ho lokela ho hlokomeloe hore liketso tse bontšitsoeng ka holimo ha li etsahale ka ho latellana ka tatellano e fanoeng.Ho e-na le hoo, ke litaba tse rarahaneng le tse hlophisitsoeng.
LITŠOANTŠISO TSE KHOPOTSOANG TŠEBELETSO EA SEBETE
Ho ipapisitsoe le kutloisiso ea ho baleha ha betri, ho ntse ho ithutoa mekhoa e mengata, ka sepheo sa ho fokotsa likotsi tsa polokeho ka moralo o hlakileng oa likarolo tsa betri.Likarolong tse latelang, re akaretsa mekhoa e fapaneng ea lisebelisoa tsa ho ntlafatsa polokeho ea betri, ho rarolla mathata a amanang le mekhahlelo e fapaneng ea ho baleha ha mocheso.
Ho rarolla mathata sethaleng sa 1 (ho qala ho chesa haholo)
Lisebelisoa tse tšepahalang tsa anode.Sebopeho sa Li dendrite ho anode ea LIB se qala mohato oa pele oa ho baleha ha mocheso.Le hoja taba ena e fokotsehile ho li-anodes tsa LIB tsa khoebo (mohlala, li-anode tsa carbonaceous), ho thehoa ha Li dendrite ha hoa thibeloa ka ho feletseng.Mohlala, ho li-LIB tsa khoebo, ho beoa ha dendrite ho hlaha ka mokhoa o ikhethileng mathōkong a li-electrode tsa graphite haeba li-anode le li-cathode li sa kopane hantle.Ntle le moo, maemo a sa nepahalang a ts'ebetso ea li-LIB a ka boela a etsa hore ho behoe tšepe ea Li ka kholo ea dendrite.Hoa tsebahala hore dendrite e ka thehoa habonolo haeba betri e qosoa (i) ka likhahla tse phahameng tsa morao-rao moo ho behoa ha tšepe ea Li ho potlakile ho feta ho ata ha Li ions ka bongata ba graphite;(ii) tlas'a maemo a ho tjhaja ho feta tekano ha graphite e tlositsoe holimo;le (iii) mochesong o tlase [ka mohlala, mocheso o ka tlaase (~ 0°C)], ka lebaka la ho eketseha ha viscosity ea electrolyte ea mokelikeli le ho eketseha ha Li-ion ho hanyetsa ha metsi .
Ho ea ka pono ea thepa ea thepa, tšimoloho ea motso e khethollang ho qala ha kholo ea Li dendrite ho anode ke SEI e sa tsitsang le e sa tsitsang, e bakang kabo e sa tšoaneng ea sebaka sa hona joale.Likarolo tsa elektrolyte, haholo-holo li-additives, li 'nile tsa batlisisoa ho ntlafatsa ho tšoana ha SEI le ho felisa ho thehoa ha Li dendrite.Li-additives tse tloaelehileng li kenyelletsa metsoako ea inorganic [ka mohlala, CO2, LiI, joalo-joalo] le metsoako ea tlhaho e nang le li-unsaturated carbon bond tse kang vinylene carbonate le maleimide additives;limolek'hule tse sa tsitsang tsa cyclic tse kang butyrolactone, ethylene sulfite, le lihlahisoa tsa tsona;le metsoako ea fluorinated e kang fluoroethylene carbonate, har'a tse ling.Esita le likarolong tsa karolo ea milione, limolek'hule tsena li ntse li ka ntlafatsa morphology ea SEI, kahoo homogenizing Li-ion flux le ho felisa monyetla oa ho thehoa ha Li dendrite.
Ka kakaretso, mathata a Li dendrite a ntse a le teng ho graphite kapa carbonaceous anode le silicon / SiO e nang le li-anode tsa moloko o latelang.Ho rarolla taba ea kholo ea Li dendrite ke phephetso e bohlokoa bakeng sa ho ikamahanya le maemo a matla a matla a lik'hemik'hale tsa Li-ion nakong e tlang.Hoa lokela ho hlokomeloa hore, morao tjena, boiteko bo bongata bo 'nile ba etsoa ho rarolla bothata ba ho thehoa ha Li dendrite ka li-anode tsa tšepe tse hloekileng tsa Li ka homogenizing Li-ion flux nakong ea Li deposition;mohlala, tšireletso ea lera coating , maiketsetso SEI boenjiniere , joalo-joalo Ntlheng ena, mekhoa e meng e ka khona ho fana ka leseli mabapi le mokhoa oa ho sebetsana le bothata ka anode ea carbonaceous ho LIBs hape.
Multifunctional liquid electrolyte le separators.Mokelikeli oa electrolyte le separator li phetha karolo ea bohlokoa ho arola 'mele oa cathode e matla le anode.Ka hona, li-electrolyte tse ngata tse sebetsang hantle le li-separators li ka sireletsa libeteri haholo qalong ea ho baleha ha mocheso oa betri (mohato oa 1).
E le ho sireletsa libeteri ho tloha ho senya mochine, electrolyte ea mokelikeli oa shear thickening e fumanoe ka tlatsetso e bonolo ea silika ea fumed ho carbonate electrolyte (1 M LiFP6 ho EC / DMC) .Ka khatello ea mochini kapa tšusumetso, mokelikeli o bonts'a phello e teteaneng ea ho kuta ka ho eketseha ha viscosity, ka hona e senya matla a tšusumetso le ho bontša mamello ea ho sithabela (Setšoantšo sa 3A)
Setšoantšo sa 3 Maano a ho rarolla mathata a sethaleng sa 1.
(A) Shear thickening electrolyte.Holimo: Bakeng sa electrolyte e tloaelehileng, tšusumetso ea mochine e ka lebisa ho khaello ea ka hare ea betri, e bakang mollo le ho phatloha.Tlas'a: Novel smart electrolyte e nang le "shear thickening effect" tlas'a khatello kapa ts'usumetso e bonts'a mamello e ntle ea ho sithabela, e ka ntlafatsang haholo ts'ireletso ea mochini oa libeteri.(B) Li-separators tse sebetsang ka bobeli bakeng sa ho lemoha pele ho nako ea lithium dendrites.Sebopeho sa dendrite ka betri ea setso ea lithium, moo ho kenella ka ho feletseng ha karohano ka lithium dendrite ho fumanoa feela ha betri e hlōleha ka lebaka la potoloho e khutšoanyane ea ka hare.Ha ho bapisoa, betri ea lithium e nang le karohano e sebetsang ka makhetlo a mabeli (e nang le lesela le tsamaisanang le pakeng tsa li-separators tse peli tse tloaelehileng), moo lithium dendrite e ntseng e hōla e phunyeletsa ka karohano 'me e kopana le lera la koporo, e leng se etsang hore ho thehoe.VCu−Li, e leng temoso ea ho hloleha ho tlang ka lebaka la potoloho e khuts'oane ea kahare.Leha ho le joalo, betri e felletseng e lula e sebetsa ka mokhoa o sireletsehileng ka bokhoni ba nonzero.(A) le (B) li fetotsoe kapa li hlahisoa hape ka tumello ea Springer Nature.(C) Karohano ea li-trilayer ho sebelisa li-dendrite tse kotsi le ho lelefatsa bophelo ba betri.Ka ho le letšehali: Lithium anode li ka etsa li-depositi tsa dendritic habonolo, tse ka holang butle butle 'me tsa phunyeletsa karohano ea inert polymer.Ha li-dendrite li qetella li hokahanya cathode le anode, betri e khutsufatsoa 'me e hlōleha.Ka ho le letona: Lera la li-nanoparticles tsa silika li ne li kopantsoe ke likarolo tse peli tsa li-separators tsa khoebo tsa polymer.Ka hona, ha lithium dendrites li ntse li hōla 'me li kenella ka har'a karohano, li tla ikopanya le silika nanoparticles ka har'a sandwich le ho sebelisoa electrochemically.(D) Ho hlahloba electron microscopy (SEM) setšoantšo sa silika nanoparticle sandwiched separator.(E) Tlhōrō ea motlakase khahlanong le nako ea betri ea Li / Li e nang le separator e tloaelehileng (red curve) le silica nanoparticle sandwiched trilayer separator (black curve) e lekiloeng tlas'a maemo a tšoanang.(C), (D), le (E) li entsoe hape ka tumello e tsoang ho John Wiley and Sons.(F) Setšoantšo sa moralo oa mekhoa ea li-additives tsa redox shuttle.Ka holim'a cathode e tletseng overcharged, motsoako oa redox o oxidized ho sebopeho sa [O], seo hamorao se neng se tla fokotsoa ho khutlela boemong ba sona ba pele [R] holim'a anode ka ho hasana ka electrolyte.Potoloho ea electrochemical ea oxidation-diffusion-foduction-diffusion e ka bolokoa ka nako e sa lekanyetsoang, kahoo e notlela bokhoni ba cathode ho tsoa ho tjhaja ho kotsi.(G) Mehaho e tloaelehileng ea lik'hemik'hale ea li-additives tsa redox shuttle.(H) Mokhoa oa ho koala li-additives tsa overcharge tse ka etsang polymerize electrochemically at high potentials.(I) Mehaho e tloaelehileng ea lik'hemik'hale ea li-additives tsa overcharge ea shutdown.Matla a ho sebetsa a li-additives a thathamisitsoe tlas'a mohaho o mong le o mong oa limolek'hule ho (G), (H), le (I).
Li-separators li ka kenya cathode le anode ka elektronike 'me li phetha karolo ea bohlokoa ho lekola boemo ba bophelo ba betri sebakeng se le seng ho thibela ho senyeha ho eketsehileng nakong e fetileng ea 1. Ka mohlala, "separator e sebetsang ka bobeli" e nang le polane ea polymer-metal-polymer trilayer configuration (Setšoantšo sa 3B) e ka fana ka ts'ebetso e ncha ea ho lemoha motlakase.Ha dendrite e ntse e hōla 'me e fihla karolong e bohareng, e tla hokahanya lera la tšepe le anode e le hore ho theoha ha motlakase ka tšohanyetso pakeng tsa bona ho ka fumanoa hang-hang e le tlhahiso.
Ntle le ho lemoha, karohano ea li-trilayer e ne e etselitsoe ho sebelisa li-dendrite tse kotsi le ho liehisa kholo ea tsona ka mor'a ho phunyeletsa karohano.Sekhahla sa silika nanoparticles, se kopantsoeng ke likarolo tse peli tsa li-separators tsa khoebo tsa polyolefin (Setšoantšo sa 3, C le D), e ka sebelisa li-dendrite tse kotsi tse phunyeletsang, kahoo e ntlafatsa polokeho ea betri hantle.Bophelo ba betri e sirelelitsoeng bo ile ba atolosoa haholo ka makhetlo a ka bang hlano ha bo bapisoa le bo nang le li-separators tse tloaelehileng (Setšoantšo sa 3E).
Tšireletso e fetelletseng.Ho tjhaja ho feta tekano ho hlalosoa e le ho tjhaja betri ka nqane ho matla a yona a tjhajetsweng.Ho checha ho feta tekano ho ka bakoa ke likhahla tse phahameng tse khethehileng tsa hona joale, li-profiles tse mabifi tsa ho tjhaja, joalo-joalo, tse ka tlisang letoto la mathata, ho kenyelletsa le (i) deposition ea Li metal ho anode, e amang ka botebo ts'ebetso le polokeho ea betri ea electrochemical;(ii) ho senyeha ha thepa ea cathode, ho ntša oksijene;le (iii) ho bola ha electrolyte ea tlhaho, mocheso o lokollang le lihlahisoa tsa khase (H2, hydrocarbons, CO, joalo-joalo), tse ikarabellang bakeng sa ho baleha ha mocheso .Liphetoho tsa electrochemical nakong ea ho senyeha li rarahane, tse ling tsa tsona li thathamisitsoe ka tlase.
Asterisk (*) e bolela hore khase ea hydrogen e tsoa ho protic, e siea lihlopha tse hlahisoang nakong ea oxidation ea carbonates ho cathode, e ntan'o hasana ho anode e lokelang ho fokotsoa le ho hlahisa H2.
Motheong oa liphapang mesebetsing ea bona, li-additives tsa ts'ireletso e fetang tekano li ka hlalosoa e le li-additives tsa redox shuttle le li-shuttle additives.Ea pele e sireletsa sele hore e se ke ea tefisoa ka mokhoa o tsoileng matsoho, ha ea morao e felisa tšebetso ea lisele ka ho sa feleng.
Li-additives tsa redox shuttle li sebetsa ka ho koala ka mokhoa oa electrochemical tefiso e feteletseng e kentsoeng ka har'a betri ha tefiso e fetelletseng e etsahala.Joalokaha ho bontšitsoe hoSetšoantšo sa 3F, mochine o thehiloe holim'a motsoako oa redox o nang le matla a oxidation a fokolang hanyenyane ho feta a electrolyte anodic decomposition.Ka holim'a cathode e tletseng overcharged, motsoako oa redox o na le oxidized ho sebopeho sa [O], seo hamorao se neng se tla fokotsoa ho khutlela boemong ba sona ba pele [R] holim'a anode ka mor'a ho hasana ka electrolyte.Ka mor'a moo, motsoako o fokotsehileng o ka boela oa khutlela ho cathode, 'me potoloho ea electrochemical ea "oxidation-diffusion-reduction-diffusion" e ka bolokoa ka nako e sa lekanyetsoang, kahoo e koala bokhoni ba cathode ho tloha ho feta kotsi e eketsehileng.Liphuputso li bontšitse hore bokhoni ba redox ba li-additives bo lokela ho ba hoo e ka bang 0.3 ho 0.4 V ka holim'a bokhoni ba cathode.
Letoto la li-additives tse nang le libopeho tse hlophisitsoeng hantle tsa lik'hemik'hale le matla a redox a entsoe, ho kenyelletsa organometallic metallocenes , phenothiazines , triphenylamines , dimethoxybenzenes le derivatives ea bona , le 2-(pentafluorophenyl) -tetrafluoro-1,3,2-benzodiodioSetšoantšo sa 3G).Ka ho lokisa meaho ea limolek'hule, matla a tlatsetso a oxidation a ka hlophisoa ho fihla kaholimo ho 4 V, e loketseng lisebelisoa tsa cathode le li-electrolyte tse ntseng li hola ka potlako.Molao-motheo oa moralo o kenyelletsa ho theola orbital ea molek'hule e phahameng ka ho fetesisa ea tlatsetso ka ho eketsa li-substitutes tsa electron-withdrawing, tse lebisang keketsehong ea matla a oxidation.Ntle le li-additives, matsoai a mang a inorganic, a sa sebetseng feela joalo ka letsoai la electrolyte empa hape a ka sebetsa joalo ka shuttle ea redox, joalo ka matsoai a sehlopha sa perfluoroborane [ke hore, lithium fluorododecaborates (Li2B12F).xH12−x)], le tsona li fumanoe e le li-additives tse sebetsang hantle tsa redox shuttle.
Li-shutdown overcharge additives ke sehlopha sa li-additives tse ke keng tsa thijoa tsa ts'ireletso ea tefiso e feteletseng.Li sebetsa ka ho ntša khase ka matla a phahameng, e leng eona e kenyang sesebelisoa sa hona joale se sitisang, kapa ka ho etsa polymerizing ka ho sa feleng ka electrochemically ka bokhoni bo phahameng ba ho emisa ts'ebetso ea betri pele ho hlaha liphello tse kotsi.Setšoantšo sa 3H).Mehlala ea khale e kenyelletsa xylene , cyclohexylbenzene, le biphenyl, athe mehlala ea morao-rao e kenyelletsa biphenyl le metsoako e meng e monko o monate (Setšoantšo sa 3I).Litlamorao tse mpe tsa li-additives tse koalang e ntse e le ts'ebetso ea nako e telele le ts'ebetso ea polokelo ea li-LIB ka lebaka la oxidation e ke keng ea fetoloa ea metsoako ena.
Ho rarolla mathata a sethaleng sa 2 (ho bokella mocheso le mokhoa oa ho lokolla khase)
Lintho tse ka tšeptjoang tsa cathode.Lithium transition metal oxides, tse kang layered oxides LiCoO2, LiNiO2, le LiMnO2;mofuta oa spinel oxide LiM2O4;le mofuta oa polyanion LiFePO4, ke lisebelisoa tse sebelisoang haholo tsa cathode, tseo, leha ho le joalo, li nang le litaba tsa polokeho haholo-holo mochesong o phahameng.Har'a tsona, LiFePO4 e entsoeng ka olivine e batla e sireletsehile, e tsitsitseng ho fihlela ho 400 ° C, ha LiCoO2 e qala ho bola ka 250 ° C.Lebaka la tšireletso e ntlafetseng ea LiFePO4 ke hore li-ion tsohle tsa oksijene li theha maqhama a matla a covalent le P5 + ho theha PO43- tetrahedral polyanions, e tsitsitseng moralo oohle oa likarolo tse tharo le ho fana ka botsitso bo ntlafetseng ha bo bapisoa le lisebelisoa tse ling tsa cathode, le hoja ho ntse ho e-na le eona. ho bile le likotsi tsa mollo oa betri tse tlalehiloeng.Tšireletso e kholo ea ts'ireletso e bakoa ke ho senyeha ha lisebelisoa tsena tsa cathode ka mocheso o phahameng le ho lokolloa ha oksijene ka nako e le 'ngoe, tseo hammoho li ka lebisang ho tukang le ho phatloha, ho senya ts'ireletso ea betri ka ho teba.Ka mohlala, sebopeho sa kristale sa layered oxide LiNiO2 ha se tsitsa ka lebaka la boteng ba Ni2 +, boholo ba ionic bo tšoanang le ba Li +.Li ea hlanyangxNiO2 (x<1) e atisa ho fetolela ho mokhoa o tsitsitseng oa mofuta oa spinel oa mofuta oa LiNi2O4 (spinel) le mofuta oa rocksalt NiO, o nang le oksijene e lokolloang ka electrolyte ea metsi hoo e ka bang 200 ° C, e lebisang ho chefo ea electrolyte.
Boiteko bo boholo bo entsoe ho ntlafatsa botsitso ba mocheso oa lisebelisoa tsena tsa cathode ka li-doping tsa athomo le liphahlo tse sireletsang holim'a metsi.
Atom doping e ka eketsa haholo botsitso ba mocheso oa lisebelisoa tsa oxide tse layered ka lebaka la meaho ea kristale e tsitsitseng.Ho tsitsisa ha mocheso oa LiNiO2 kapa Li1.05Mn1.95O4 ho ka ntlafatsoa haholo ka ho kenya karolo e itseng ea Ni kapa Mn ka li-cations tse ling tsa tšepe, tse kang Co, Mn, Mg, le Al.Bakeng sa LiCoO2, kenyelletso ea li-doping le likarolo tsa alloying tse kang Ni le Mn li ka eketsa haholo mocheso o qalang oa ho bola.Tdec, ha o ntse o qoba ho itšoara ka electrolyte ka mocheso o phahameng.Leha ho le joalo, ho eketseha ha mocheso oa cathode botsitso ka kakaretso ho tla le mahlabelo ka boemo bo itseng.Ho rarolla bothata bona, ho entsoe lisebelisoa tsa "concentration-gradient cathode" bakeng sa libeteri tsa lithium tse nchafalitsoeng tse thehiloeng holim'a lithium nickel cobalt manganese oxide e entsoeng.Setšoantšo sa 4A) .Sehloohong sena, karoloana e 'ngoe le e' ngoe e na le bongata bo bohareng ba Ni-rich le karolo e ka ntle ea Mn-rich, e nang le khatello e fokolang ea Ni le ho eketsa likhahla tsa Mn le Co ha bokaholimo bo ntse bo atamela (Setšoantšo sa 4B).Ea pele e fana ka bokhoni bo phahameng, athe ea morao-rao e ntlafatsa botsitso ba mocheso.Boitsebiso bona bo bocha ba cathode bo bontšitsoe ho ntlafatsa polokeho ea libeteri ntle le ho senya ts'ebetso ea tsona ea electrochemical (Setšoantšo sa 4C).
Setšoantšo sa 4 Maano a ho rarolla mathata a sethaleng sa 2: Li-cathodes tse tšepahalang.
aKarolo e 'ngoe le e' ngoe e na le Ni-rich central bulk Li(Ni0.8Co0.1Mn0.1)O2 le Mn-rich outer layer [Li(Ni0.8Co0.1Mn0.1)O2] e fokotsang Ni-concentration le ho eketsa Mn le Co. kamoo bokahodimo bo atametseng.Ea pele e fana ka bokhoni bo phahameng, athe ea morao-rao e ntlafatsa botsitso ba mocheso.Sebopeho se tloaelehileng ke Li(Ni0.68Co0.18Mn0.18)O2.Elektrone micrograph ea scanning ea karoloana e tloaelehileng e boetse e bontšoa ka ho le letona.(B) Electron-probe x-ray microanalysis results of the final lithiated oxide Li(Ni0.64Co0.18Mn0.18)O2.Liphetoho tse butle-butle tsa Ni, Mn, le Co ka har'a interlayer lia bonahala.Khokahano ea Ni e ea fokotseha, 'me likhakanyo tsa Co le Mn li nyolohela holimo.(C) Likarolo tse fapaneng tsa scanning calorimetry (DSC) tse bontšang ho phalla ha mocheso ho tloha karabelong ea electrolyte e nang le lisebelisoa tsa mahloriso-gradient Li (Ni0.64Co0.18Mn0.18) O2, Ni-rich central material Li (Ni0.8Co0.1Mn0. 1) O2, le lera la ka ntle la Mn-rich [Li(Ni0.46Co0.23Mn0.31)O2].Thepa e ne e lefisoa ho 4.3 V. (A), (B), le (C) li entsoe hape ka tumello e tsoang ho Springer Nature.(D) Ka ho le letšehali: Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) setšoantšo sa tšimo e khanyang ea AlPO4 nanoparticle-coated LiCoO2;matla a dispersive x-ray spectrometry e tiisa likarolo tsa Al le P lera la ho roala.Ka ho le letona: Setšoantšo se phahameng sa TEM se bontšang AlPO4 nanoparticles (~ 3 nm bophara) ka lera la ho roala nanoscale;metsu e bonts'a sebopeho lipakeng tsa lera la AlPO4 le LiCoO2.(E) Ka ho le letšehali: Setšoantšo sa sele e nang le cathode e se nang letho ea LiCoO2 ka mor'a tlhahlobo ea 12-V ea tefiso e feteletseng.Sele e ile ea cha 'me ea phatloha ka matla ao.Ka ho le letona: Setšoantšo sa sele se nang le AlPO4 nanoparticle-coated LiCoO2 ka mor'a tlhahlobo ea 12-V ea tefiso e feteletseng.(D) le (E) li hlahisoa hape ka tumello ea John Wiley le Bara.
Leano le leng la ho ntlafatsa botsitso ba mocheso ke ho roala thepa ea cathode ka lera le lesesaane le sireletsang la metsoako e tsamaisang mocheso e tsitsitseng ea Li +, e ka thibelang ho kopana ka ho toba ha thepa ea cathode le electrolyte, kahoo ho fokotsa liketso tsa mahlakoreng le ho hlahisa mocheso.Liaparo li ka ba lifilimi tse sa tloaelehang [ka mohlala, ZnO, Al2O3, AlPO4, AlF3, joalo-joalo], e ka tsamaisang Li ions ka mor'a hore e be lithiated (Setšoantšo sa 4, D le E), kapa lifilimi tse phelang, tse kang poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) , lifilimi tse sireletsang tse entsoeng ke γ-butyrolactone additives, le li-additives tse ngata (tse nang le vinylene carbonate, 1,3-propylene sulfite, le dimethylacetamide) .
Ho hlahisa seaparo se nang le mocheso o motle oa mocheso ho boetse ho sebetsa hantle bakeng sa ho eketsa tšireletso ea cathode.Ka mohlala, li-cathodes tsa poly(3-decylthiophene) tse koahetsoeng ke LiCoO2 li ka koala lik'hemik'hale tsa electrochemical le mahlakoreng a mahlakoreng hang ha mocheso o nyolohela ho> 80 ° C, kaha lesela la polima la conductive le ka fetoha ka potlako ho ba boemong bo thata haholo.Liaparo tsa li-oligomer tse ikemetseng tse nang le meralo ea hyper-branched li ka boela tsa sebetsa e le lera le thibelang mocheso ho koala betri ho tloha lehlakoreng la cathode.
Moqokelli oa hona joale o fetohang ka mocheso.Ho koala ha karabelo ea electrochemical nakong ea mocheso oa betri ho eketseha sethaleng sa 2 ho ka thibela hantle hore mocheso o se ke oa eketseha.Sesebelisoa se potlakileng le se fetolehang sa thermoresponsive polymer switching (TRPS) se kenyellelitsoe kahare ho mokelli oa hajoale (Setšoantšo sa 5A) .Filimi e tšesaane ea TRPS e na le likaroloana tsa nickel e entsoeng ka graphene-coated spiky nanostructured (GrNi) e le conductive filler le PE matrix e nang le coefficient e kholo ea ho atolosa mocheso (α ~ 10−4 K-1).Lifilimi tse entsoeng ka polymer tse entsoeng ka mokhoa o hlophisitsoeng li bonts'a conductivity e phahameng (σ) mocheso oa kamore, empa ha mocheso o atamela mocheso o fetohang (Ts), conductivity e fokotseha ka hare ho 1 s ka litaelo tse supileng ho isa ho tse robeli tsa boholo ka lebaka la katoloso ea molumo oa polymer, e arolang likaroloana tsa conductive le ho senya litsela tsa conductive (Setšoantšo sa 5B).Filimi hang-hang e fetoha insulating mme kahoo e emisa ts'ebetso ea betri (Setšoantšo sa 5C).Ts'ebetso ena e ka fetoha haholo 'me e ka sebetsa le ka mor'a liketsahalo tse ngata tsa mocheso o feteletseng ntle le ho senya ts'ebetso.
Setšoantšo sa 5 Maano a ho rarolla mathata a sethaleng sa 2.
(A) Setšoantšo sa moralo oa mochine oa ho fetola mocheso oa 'mokelli oa hona joale oa TRPS.Betri e bolokehileng e na le pokello e le 'ngoe kapa tse peli tsa hona joale tse koahetsoeng ka lera le lesesaane la TRPS.E sebetsa ka tloaelo mocheso oa kamore.Leha ho le joalo, tabeng ea mocheso o phahameng kapa hona joale o moholo, matrix a polymer a ntse a eketseha, kahoo a arola likaroloana tsa conductive, tse ka fokotsang conductivity ea eona, haholo-holo ho eketsa ho hanyetsa le ho koala betri.Ka hona sebopeho sa betri se ka sireletsoa ntle le tšenyo.Ha ho pholile, polymer ea honyela ebe e khutlisa litsela tsa mantlha tsa conductive.(B) Resistivity liphetoho tsa lifilimi tse fapaneng tsa TRPS e le ts'ebetso ea mocheso, ho kenyelletsa le PE / GrNi e nang le li-loadings tse fapaneng tsa GrNi le PP / GrNi e nang le 30% (v / v) loading ea GrNi.(C) Kakaretso ea bokhoni ba libaesekele tse bolokehileng tsa LiCoO2 lipakeng tsa 25°C le ho tima.Bophahamo bo haufi le lefela ho 70°C bo bontša ho koala ka botlalo.(A), (B), le (C) li entsoe hape ka tumello ho tsoa ho Springer Nature.(D) Boemeli ba moralo oa mohopolo oa ho koala o thehiloeng ho microsphere bakeng sa LIBs.Li-electrode li sebetsa ka li-microspheres tse thermoresponsive tseo, ka holim'a mocheso o boima oa betri ea ka hare, li kenang phetoho ea mocheso (ho qhibiliha).Li-capsules tse entsoeng ka ho qhibilihisoa li koahela bokaholimo ba li-electrode, li etsa mokoallo oa ionically insulating le ho koala sele ea betri.(E) Lera le tšesaane le le ikemetseng le ikemetseng le entsoeng ka likaroloana tsa 94% tsa alumina le 6% styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) binder e lokiselitsoe ka mokhoa oa ho lahla tharollo.Ka ho le letona: Lifoto tse bontšang botsitso ba mocheso oa searohanyi sa inorganic composite le searohanyi sa PE.Likarohano li ne li tšoaroa ka 130 ° C bakeng sa 40 min.PE e ile ea honyela haholo sebakeng seo ka lisekoere tse matheba.Leha ho le joalo, karohano ea motsoako ha ea ka ea bontša ho fokotseha ho totobetseng.E hlahisitsoe ka tumello ea Elsevier.(F) Sebopeho sa limolek'hule tsa li-polymers tse ling tsa mocheso o phahameng o qhibilihang e le lisebelisoa tsa karohano tse nang le shrinkage e tlase ea mocheso o phahameng.Ka holimo: polyimide (PI).Bohareng: cellulose.Ka tlaase: poly(butylene) terephthalate.(G) Ka ho le letšehali: Papiso ea ponahalo ea DSC ea PI le karohano ea PE le PP;karohano ea PI e bonts'a botsitso bo botle ba mocheso sebakeng sa mocheso ho tloha ho 30 ° ho isa ho 275 ° C.Ka ho le letona: Lifoto tsa lik'hamera tsa dijithale tse bapisang metsi a karohano ea khoebo le karohano ea PI e entsoeng ka propylene carbonate electrolyte.E hlahisitsoe ka tumello e tsoang ho American Chemical Society.
Li-separators tsa ho koala mocheso.Leano le leng la ho thibela libeteri hore li se ke tsa baleha mocheso nakong ea sethala sa 2 ke ho koala tsela ea conduction ea Li ions ka karohano.Li-separators ke likarolo tsa bohlokoa bakeng sa polokeho ea LIB, kaha li thibela ho kopana ka ho toba ka motlakase pakeng tsa cathode e matla le lisebelisoa tsa anode ha li ntse li lumella lipalangoang tsa ionic.PP le PE ke lisebelisoa tse sebelisoang ka ho fetisisa, empa li na le botsitso bo fokolang ba mocheso, tse nang le lintlha tse qhibilihisang ~ 165 ° le ~ 135 ° C, ka ho latellana.Bakeng sa LIB ea khoebo, likarohano tse nang le sebopeho sa li-trilayer tsa PP / PE / PP li se li ntse li rekisoa, moo PE e leng lera le bohareng le sireletsang.Ha mocheso o ka hare oa betri o eketseha ka holim'a mocheso o boima (~ 130 ° C), lesela la PE le nang le porous le qhibiliha ka mokhoa o itseng, le koala li-pores tsa filimi le ho thibela ho falla ha li-ion ka har'a electrolyte ea metsi, ha karolo ea PP e fana ka tšehetso ea mechine ho qoba ka hare. khutsufatso .Ka tsela e 'ngoe, ho koaloa ha LIB ka mocheso oa mocheso ho ka boela ha finyelloa ka ho sebelisa thermoresponsive PE kapa parafine wax microspheres e le lera le sireletsang la anode kapa li-separators tsa betri.Ha mocheso oa betri o ka hare o fihla boleng ba bohlokoa, li-microspheres lia qhibiliha ebe li roala anode / karohano ka mokoallo o sa khoneheng, ho emisa lipalangoang tsa Li-ion le ho koala sele ka ho sa feleng (Setšoantšo sa 5D).
Li-separators tse nang le botsitso bo phahameng ba mocheso.Ho ntlafatsa botsitso ba mocheso oa li-battery tse arohaneng, mekhoa e 'meli e ntlafalitsoe lilemong tse' maloa tse fetileng:
(1) Likarohano tse matlafalitsoeng ka ceramic, tse entsoeng ka ho roala ka ho toba kapa ka kholo ea holim'a lirafshoa tsa ceramic tse kang SiO2 le Al2O3 holim'a libaka tse arohaneng tsa polyolefin kapa ka ho kenya li-powders tsa ceramic ka har'a thepa ea polymeric.Setšoantšo sa 5E), e bonts'a lintlha tse phahameng haholo tsa ho qhibiliha le matla a phahameng a mochine hape e na le conductivity e batlang e le e phahameng ea mocheso.Likarohano tse ling tse entsoeng ka leano lena li rekisitsoe khoebong, joalo ka Separion (lebitso la khoebo).
(2) Ho fetola lisebelisoa tsa karohano ho tloha ho polyolefin ho ea ho li-polymers tsa mocheso o phahameng o qhibilihang ka ho fokotseha ho fokolang ha ho futhumatsa, joalo ka polyimide, cellulose, poly(butylene) terephthalate, le poly(esters) tse ling tse tšoanang, ke leano le leng le sebetsang la ho ntlafatsa botsitso ba mocheso. ea ba arohaneng (Setšoantšo sa 5F).Ka mohlala, polyimide ke polymer ea thermosetting e nkoang e le mokhoa o ts'episang ka lebaka la botsitso ba eona bo botle ba mocheso (e tsitsitseng ho feta 400 ° C), k'hemik'hale e ntle ea lik'hemik'hale, matla a phahameng a ho tsikitlanya, ho koloba hantle ha electrolyte, le ho lieha ha lelakabe.Setšoantšo sa 5G) .
Liphutheloana tsa betri tse nang le ts'ebetso ea ho pholisa.Sistimi ea taolo ea sekala sa lisebelisoa tse matlafatsoang ke ho potoloha ha moea kapa mokelikeli o pholileng li sebelisitsoe ho ntlafatsa ts'ebetso ea betri le ho liehisa ho eketseha ha mocheso.Ho phaella moo, lisebelisoa tsa ho fetola karolo tse kang boka ba parafine li kenyelelitsoe ka har'a li-betri packs ho sebetsa e le setsi sa mocheso ho laola mocheso oa tsona, kahoo ho qoba tšebeliso e mpe ea mocheso.
Ho rarolla mathata sethaleng sa 3 (ho chesa le ho phatloha)
Mocheso, oksijene le libeso, tse tsejoang ka hore ke “fire triangle,” ke lintho tse hlokahalang bakeng sa mollo o mongata.Ka ho bokella mocheso le oksijene e hlahisoang nakong ea 1 le 2, mafura (ke hore, li-electrolyte tse tukang haholo) li tla qala ho tuka.Ho fokotsa ho chesa ha lihlapolli tsa electrolyte ho bohlokoa bakeng sa polokeho ea betri le lits'ebetso tse kholo tsa LIBs.
Li-additives tse thibelang mollo.Ho entsoe boikitlaetso bo boholo ba ho etsa li-additives tse thibelang malakabe ho theola ho chesoa ha li-electrolyte tsa metsi .Bongata ba li-additives tse thibelang mollo tse sebelisoang ho li-electrolyte tsa metsi li thehiloe ho metsoako ea phosphorus ea manyolo kapa metsoako ea halogenated.Kaha li-halogen li kotsi tikolohong le bophelong bo botle ba batho, metsoako ea phosphorus ea manyolo ke li-additives tse thibelang malakabe ka lebaka la bokhoni ba tsona bo phahameng ba ho thibela mollo le botsoalle ba tikoloho.Metsoako e tloaelehileng ea manyolo ea phosphorus e kenyelletsa trimethyl phosphate, triphenyl phosphate, bis(2-methoxyethoxy)methylallylphosphonate, tris(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) phosphite, (ethoxy)pentafluorocyclotriphosphazene, ethylene ethyl phosphate (joalo-joalo.Setšoantšo sa 6A).Mokhoa oa ho thibela lelakabe oa litlamorao tsa metsoako ena e nang le phosphorus hangata ho lumeloa e le ts'ebetso ea ho senya ka mokhoa o feteletseng oa lik'hemik'hale.Nakong ea mollo, limolek'hule tse nang le phosphorus li ka senyeha ho mefuta e sa tšoaneng ea phosphorus, e ka felisang li-radicals (mohlala, H le OH radicals) tse hlahisoang nakong ea tlhahiso ea ketane e ikarabellang bakeng sa ho tuka ho sa khaotseng.Setšoantšo sa 6, B le C).Ka bomalimabe, ho fokotseha ha ho tuka ha mollo ka ho eketsoa ha li-flame retardants tse nang le phosphorus ho tla ka litšenyehelo tsa ts'ebetso ea electrochemical.Ho ntlafatsa khoebo ena, bafuputsi ba bang ba entse liphetoho tse ling ho sebopeho sa bona sa limolek'hule: (i) karolo ea fluorination ea alkyl phosphates e ka ntlafatsa botsitso ba bona ba ho fokotsa le ho sebetsa ha mollo;(ii) tšebeliso ea lik'hemik'hale tse nang le lisebelisoa tse peli tse sireletsang filimi le ho thibela mollo, tse kang bis (2-methoxyethoxy) methylallylphosphonate, moo lihlopha tsa allylic li ka etsang polymeri le ho etsa filimi e tsitsitseng ea SEI holim'a libaka tsa graphite, kahoo ho thibela ka katleho lehlakoreng le kotsi. karabelo;(iii) phetoho ea P(V) phosphate ho P(III) phosphites, e nolofatsang sebopeho sa SEI mme e khona ho tima PF5 e kotsi [mohlala, tris(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) phosphite];le (iv) ho nkela metsoako ea organophosphorus sebaka ka cyclic phosphazenes, haholo-holo fluorinated cyclophosphazene, e ntlafalitseng ho sebelisana le electrochemical .
Setšoantšo sa 6 Maano a ho rarolla mathata a sethaleng sa 3.
(A) Mehaho e tloaelehileng ea limolek'hule ea li-additives tse thibelang mollo.(B) Mochini oa litlamorao tsa ho khutlisa lelakabe oa metsoako ena e nang le phosphorus ho lumeloa hore ke ts'ebetso ea ho chesoa ka matla ke lik'hemik'hale, e ka felisang ts'ebetso e matla ea ketane e ikarabellang bakeng sa karabelo ea mollo mokhahlelong oa khase.TPP, triphenyl phosphate.(C) Nako ea ho itima lijo (SET) ea electrolyte e tloaelehileng ea carbonate e ka fokotsoa haholo ka ho eketsoa ha triphenyl phosphate.(D) Schematic ea "smart" electrospun separator e nang le thepa e thibelang lelakabe le chesang mocheso bakeng sa LIBs.Karohano e sa lefelloeng e entsoe ka li-microfibers tse nang le sebopeho sa likhetla tsa mantlha, moo lelakabe la lelakabe le leng teng 'me polymer ke khetla.Ha mocheso o qala, khetla ea polymer ea qhibiliha 'me joale sekontiri sa lelakabe se kentsoeng se lokolloa ka har'a electrolyte, kahoo ka katleho e thibela ho chesa le ho chesa li-electrolyte.(E) Setšoantšo sa SEM sa li-microfibers tsa TPP@PVDF-HFP ka mor'a hore e chese e bonts'a ka ho hlaka sebopeho sa bona sa khetla ea mantlha.Sekhahla, 5 μm.(F) Mehaho e tloaelehileng ea limolek'hule ea mokelikeli oa ionic oa mocheso oa kamore o sebelisoang e le li-electrolyte tse sa cheng bakeng sa LIBs.(G) Sebopeho sa limolek'hule tsa PFPE, analoge e sa cheseng ea PEO.Lihlopha tse peli tsa methyl carbonate li fetotsoe li-terminals tsa liketane tsa polymer ho netefatsa hore limolek'hule li lumellana le lisebelisoa tsa morao-rao tsa betri.
Hoa lokela ho hlokomeloa hore kamehla ho na le khoebo pakeng tsa ho fokotseha ho fokolang ha motlakase oa electrolyte le ts'ebetso ea lisele bakeng sa li-additives tse thathamisitsoeng, le hoja ho sekisetsa hona ho ntlafalitsoe ka liqapi tse ka holimo tsa limolek'hule.Leano le leng le reriloeng la ho rarolla bothata bona le kenyelletsa ho kenyelletsa lelakabe la mollo ka har'a khetla e sirelletsang ea polymer ea li-microfibers, tse phuthetsoeng hape ho etsa sepharoloana se sa lohoeng.Setšoantšo sa 6D) .Novel electrospun nonwoven microfiber separator e nang le thepa e thibelang lelakabe e bakang mocheso e ile ea etsoa bakeng sa LIBs.Ho koaheloa ha lelakabe la lelakabe ka har'a khetla ea polymer e sireletsang ho thibela ho pepeseha ka ho toba ha lelakabe le retang ho electrolyte, ho thibela litlamorao tse mpe ho tsoa ho li-retardants ts'ebetsong ea electrochemical ea betri (Setšoantšo sa 6E).Leha ho le joalo, haeba ho baleha ha mocheso oa betri ea LIB ho etsahala, khetla ea poly(vinylidenefluoride-hexafluoro propylene) copolymer (PVDF-HFP) e tla qhibiliha ha mocheso o ntse o eketseha.Ebe karolo ea "triphenyl phosphate flame retardant" e kentsoeng e tla lokolloa ka har'a electrolyte, 'me ka tsela eo e thibela ho tuka ha li-electrolyte tse tukang haholo.
Ho ile ha boela ha qaptjoa khopolo ea “electrolyte e tletseng letsoai” ho rarolla qaka ena .Li-electrolyte tsena tsa tlhaho tse timang mollo bakeng sa libeteri tse nchafalitsoeng li na le LiN(SO2F)2 joalo ka letsoai le sehlaseli se tsebahalang sa lelakabe sa trimethyl phosphate (TMP) e le sona feela se qhibilihisang.Sebopeho se itlelang feela sa SEI e matla e nkiloeng letsoai ho anode ke ea bohlokoa bakeng sa ts'ebetso e tsitsitseng ea electrochemical.Leano lena le lecha le ka fetisetsoa ho tse ling tse thibelang malakabe 'me le ka bula tsela e ncha ea ho hlahisa lihlapolli tse thibelang mollo bakeng sa li-LIB tse sireletsehileng.
Li-electrolyte tsa metsi tse sa cheng.Tharollo ea ho qetela litabeng tsa polokeho ea electrolyte e ka ba ho hlahisa li-electrolyte tse sa cheng.Sehlopha se seng sa li-electrolyte tse sa cheng tse ithutoang haholo ke maro a ionic, haholo-holo metsi a ionic thempereichara ea kamore, a sa fetoheng (ha ho khatello ea mouoane e ka tlase ho 200°C) le a sa cheng, a nang le fensetere e pharaletseng ea mocheso.Setšoantšo sa 6F) .Leha ho le joalo, ho ntse ho hlokahala lipatlisiso tse tsoelang pele ho rarolla mathata a tekanyo e tlaase ea tekanyo e hlahang ho tloha ho viscosity ea bona e phahameng, palo e tlaase ea Li transfer, ho se tsitse ha cathodic kapa reductive, le theko e phahameng ea li-ionic liquids.
Li-hydrofluoroethers tse nang le limolek'hule tse tlase ke sehlopha se seng sa li-electrolyte tsa metsi tse sa cheng ka lebaka la khanya ea tsona e phahameng kapa e se nang letho, e sa cheseng, khatello e tlase ea bokaholimo, viscosity e tlase, mocheso o tlase oa serame, joalo-joalo.Moralo o nepahetseng oa limolek'hule o lokela ho etsoa ho ikamahanya le likarolo tsa bona tsa lik'hemik'hale ho fihlela litekanyetso tsa li-electrolyte tsa betri.Mohlala o khahlisang o sa tsoa tlalehoa ke perfluoropolyether (PFPE), analoge ea perfluorinated polyethylene oxide (PEO) e tsebahalang haholo ka ho se cha.Setšoantšo sa 6G) .Lihlopha tse peli tsa methyl carbonate li fetotsoe lihlopheng tsa terminal tsa liketane tsa PFPE (PFPE-DMC) ho netefatsa ho lumellana ha limolek'hule le lits'ebetso tsa betri tsa hajoale.Ka hona, ho se chese le ho tsitsa ha mocheso oa li-PFPE ho ka ntlafatsa polokeho ea li-LIB haholo ha ho ntse ho eketsa palo ea phetisetso ea electrolyte ka lebaka la moralo o ikhethileng oa limolek'hule.
Mothati oa 3 ke mohato oa ho qetela empa o bohlokoa haholo bakeng sa ts'ebetso ea ho baleha ha mocheso.Hoa lokela ho hlokomeloa hore le hoja boiteko bo boholo bo entsoe ho fokotsa ho chesa ha electrolyte ea boemo bo botle ba mokelikeli, tšebeliso ea li-electrolyte tse tiileng tse sa tsitsang li bontša tšepiso e kholo.Li-electrolyte tse tiileng li oela haholo-holo ka mekhahlelo e 'meli: li-electrolyte tsa ceramic tsa inorganic [sulfide, oxides, nitrides, phosphates, joalo-joalo] le li-electrolyte tse tiileng tsa polymer [motsoako oa letsoai la Li le li-polymers, tse kang poly(ethylene oxide), polyacrylonitrile, joalo-joalo] .Boiteko ba ho ntlafatsa li-electrolyte tse tiileng li ke ke tsa hlalosoa mona, kaha sehlooho sena se se se akarelitsoe hantle litlhahlobong tse 'maloa tsa morao tjena.
TŠEBELETSO
Nakong e fetileng, lisebelisoa tse ngata tse ncha li 'nile tsa ntlafatsoa ho ntlafatsa ts'ireletso ea betri, le hoja bothata bo e-s'o rarolloe ka ho feletseng.Ho phaella moo, mekhoa e ka sehloohong ea mathata a tšireletso e fapana bakeng sa k'hemistri e 'ngoe le e' ngoe e fapaneng ea betri.Kahoo, lisebelisoa tse khethehileng tse etselitsoeng libeteri tse fapaneng li lokela ho etsoa.Re lumela hore mekhoa e sebetsang hantle le lisebelisoa tse entsoeng hantle li sa ntse li tla fumanoa.Mona, re thathamisa litsela tse 'maloa tse ka khonehang bakeng sa lipatlisiso tsa polokeho ea betri nakong e tlang.
Taba ea pele, ho bohlokoa ho nts'etsapele in situ kapa ka mekhoa ea operando ho lemoha le ho beha leihlo maemo a bophelo bo botle a kahare a LIB.Ka mohlala, ts'ebetso ea ho baleha ha mocheso e amana haufi-ufi le mocheso oa ka hare kapa ho eketseha ha khatello ka har'a LIBs.Leha ho le joalo, kabo ea mocheso ka har'a libeteri e batla e rarahane, 'me ho hlokahala mekhoa ea ho lekola ka nepo boleng ba li-electrolyte le li-electrode, hammoho le li-separators.Kahoo, ho khona ho lekanya likarolo tsena bakeng sa likarolo tse fapaneng ho bohlokoa bakeng sa ho hlahloba le ho thibela likotsi tsa polokeho ea betri.
Botsitso ba mocheso oa li-separators bo bohlokoa bakeng sa polokeho ea betri.Li-polymers tse sa tsoa ntlafatsoa tse nang le lintlha tse phahameng tsa ho qhibiliha li sebetsa hantle ho eketsa botšepehi ba mocheso oa karohano.Leha ho le joalo, thepa ea bona ea mechine e ntse e le tlaase, e fokotsa haholo ts'ebetso ea bona nakong ea kopano ea betri.Ho feta moo, theko e boetse ke ntlha ea bohlokoa e lokelang ho nahanoa bakeng sa likopo tse sebetsang.
Nts'etsopele ea li-electrolyte tse tiileng e bonahala e le eona tharollo ea mantlha ea litaba tsa polokeho ea li-LIB.Electrolyte e tiileng e tla fokotsa haholo monyetla oa khaello ea ka hare ea betri, hammoho le kotsi ea mollo le ho phatloha.Leha ho entsoe boiteko bo boholo ho nts'etsopele ea li-electrolyte tse tiileng, ts'ebetso ea bona e ntse e tsoela pele ho salla morao haholo ea li-electrolyte tsa metsi.Likarolo tsa li-electrolyte tsa inorganic le polymer li bonts'a bokhoni bo boholo, empa li hloka moralo o bobebe le boitokiso.Re totobatsa hore moralo o nepahetseng oa li-interfaces tsa inorganic-polymer le boenjiniere ba ho tsamaisana ha tsona ke tsa bohlokoa bakeng sa lipalangoang tse sebetsang tsa Li-ion.
Ho lokela ho hlokomeloa hore electrolyte ea metsi hase eona feela karolo ea betri e tukang.Mohlala, ha li-LIB li lefisoa haholo, lisebelisoa tse tukang tsa lithiated anode (mohlala, lithiated graphite) le tsona ke taba e kholo ea polokeho.Li-retardants tsa malakabe tse khonang ho thibela mollo oa thepa e tiileng ka katleho li hlokoa haholo ho eketsa polokeho ea tsona.Li-retardants tsa lelakabe li ka kopanngoa le graphite ka mokhoa oa li-binders tsa polymer kapa li-conductive frameworks.
Tšireletseho ea betri ke bothata bo rarahaneng le bo rarahaneng.Bokamoso ba ts'ireletso ea betri bo hloka boiteko bo eketsehileng lithutong tsa mantlha tsa machane bakeng sa kutloisiso e tebileng ho kenyelletsa mekhoa e tsoetseng pele ea ho hlakisa, e ka fanang ka leseli le eketsehileng ho tataisa moralo oa thepa.Leha Tlhahlobo ena e tsepamisitse maikutlo holim'a polokeho ea boemo ba lisebelisoa, hoa lokela ho hlokomeloa hore mokhoa o akaretsang o hlokahala hape ho rarolla taba ea polokeho ea LIBs, moo lisebelisoa, likarolo tsa lisele le sebopeho, le module ea betri le lipakete li bapala karolo e lekanang ho etsa hore libeteri tse tšepahalang li ka tšeptjoa pele. ba lokolloa 'marakeng.
LITŠOANTŠISO LE LINTLHA
Kai Liu, Yayuan Liu, DingchangLin, Allen Pei, Yi Cui, Lisebelisoa bakeng sa polokeho ea betri ea lithium-ion, ScienceAdvances, DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aas9820
Nako ea poso: Jun-05-2021
